Quantum Computer - New Technology for the New Century

when is pakistan going to manufacture its own branded computer beside lots of our brillient engineers are starving in pakistan

I want to thank all the interactors for their interest in the paper. Energy requirement is a serious consideration in building computers. The ealiest estimate of energy requirement was given by the celebrated mathematician of the twentieth century, Von Neumann. According to Julian Brown (Minds, Machines, and the Multiverse, p.49), he gave ``a lecture (1949) in which he identified a minimum amount of energy required per elementary act of information - that is, per elementary decision of a two-way alternative and the elementary transmittal of one unit of information. His minimum was close to a value physicists like to represent with the letters kT. Here k is Boltzmann`s constant, and T is the temperature of the system in question.``

The technologists were able to beat it in 1970s/1980s. The energy requirement increases with the diminishing size of the chips. I couldn`t go into discussing this aspect in any detail, in fact I didn`t even mention it, together with equally important other aspects, such as entanglement, superposition, description of the atomic size qubits and how information is stored in them, etc. for fear of making the paper too long and dulling (or lulling?) the readers to sleep.

In fact, one of the interactors did comment on it, the dullness (?) or the length of the paper. Looking at the positive comments from some other interactors, I can say (with some exaggerated optimism):

Zamanah baday shauq sey sunn raha thaa
Hameen so gaye daastan kahtay kahtay,

or maybe not.

I made only a passing reference to entanglement. Entanglement (quantum computer lingo) pertains to the non-locality problem (theoretical quantum mechanical lingo) which has been heatedly discussed for nearly last seventy years without any satisfactory resolution. The technologists did not bother with the inherent philosophical issues; they accepted non-locality as an experimental fact and used it for storing information. The philosophers and theoreticians are still at it. The problem will hopefully be resolved when a complete unification of the fundamental forces is achieved.

Another important thing that I did not mention was the `reversibility`. A reversible computer is energy efficient and the quantum computer is aptly suited for this purpose. I suggest that one of the interactors (readers) should take the lead and write a paper on `Energy Requirements of Computers` and publish it on Chowk. Some of the booke that I have quoted in my paper have mines of information which can help the writer to put his paper together.

There was only a passing reference to computers being developed from the biological principles.

My objective was to give some introductory information regarding quantum computers and try to excite the readers` interset.

Mohammad Gill

Very interesting article...
time has invented and discovered many revolutionary things, why not working on appropriate and rapid techniques of discovering...is discovery is always to be accidentaly????
just cant wait for superposition computers

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Gill saab,

An interesting topic.

Without doubt quantum computing (when it becomes a reality) will provide unimaginable computing power in human hands.

Yes, things like cryptography and the PKI (public key infrastructure) will perhaps become obsolete, but then something else will surely replace it. No amount of computing power is a match for `infinity`.

Also, fundamental problems in math, particularly number theory, will still remain unsolved. Like the reimann hypothesis for example. Again, no amount of computing power is a match for infinity.

- - - -

One thing you didn`t mention...the energy required to do quantum computing. Any estimates on that ??

Sometime ago I was reading about PKI and the article talked...not about the `computing power required` to break a key....but about the `energy required` to do so. For a not-very-big key, the energy was that of the sun!!!

Clearly, computing energy is also an important consideration...apart from computing power.

- - - - -

On a different note, I never understood this hoopla about quantum particles being both `here` and `there`.

Its somewhat like watching a table fan. Off course, with the naked eye one cannot tell where a certain blade is at a certain moment. Its too fast for the eye. To the eye...it looks like the blade is `everywhere` on the disk.

Heisenberg said that to know the position of a very minute particle we need some input from it...say a ray of light bouncing off it. But the particle is so minute even a ray of light disturbs it significantly from its previous position. Therefore we cannot know the exact position of such minute particles at a given instant. Off course he said quite a bit more...but thats the essence of it.

This means the electron is NOT IN TWO PLACES AT ONCE. Off course it is at one place at one instant.

But no one could determine that place...due to heisenberg`s principle.

A civilization driven by inventions
There was once a Civilization that was The Greatest in The World
By CARLY FIORINA, CEO of Hewlett-Packard. This is an excert from a speech titled: ``TECHNOLOGY, BUSINESS AND OUR WAY OF LIFE: WHAT`S NEXT`` Delivered at MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA SEPTEMBER 26, 2001

It was able to create a continental super-state that stretched from ocean to ocean, and from northern climes to tropics and deserts. Within its dominion lived hundreds of millions of people, of different creeds and ethnic origins.
One of its languages became the universal language of much of the world, the bridge between the peoples of a hundred lands. Its armies were made up of people of many nationalities, and its military protection allowed a degree of peace and prosperity that had never been known. The reach of this civilization’s commerce extended from Latin America to China, and everywhere in between.

And this civilization was driven more than anything, by invention. Its architects designed buildings that defied gravity. Its mathematicians created the algebra and algorithms that would enable the building of computers, and the creation of encryption. Its doctors examined the human body, and found new cures for disease. Its astronomers looked into the heavens, named the stars, and paved the way for space travel and exploration.

Its writers created thousands of stories. Stories of courage, romance and magic. Its poets wrote of love, when others before them were too steeped in fear to think of such things.

When other nations were afraid of ideas, this civilization thrived on them, and kept them alive. When censors threatened to wipe out knowledge from past civilizations, this civilization kept the knowledge alive, and passed it on to others.

While modern Western civilization shares many of these traits, the civilization I’m talking about was the Islamic world from the year 800 to 1600, which included the Ottoman Empire and the courts of Baghdad, Damascus and Cairo, and enlightened rulers like Sulayman the Magnificent.

Although we are often unaware of our indebtedness to this other civilization, its gifts are very much a part of our heritage. The technology industry would not exist without the contributions of Arab mathematicians. Sufi poet-philosophers like Rumi challenged our notions of self and truth. Leaders like Sulayman contributed to our notions of tolerance and civic leadership.

And perhaps we can learn a lesson from his example: It was leadership based on meritocracy, not inheritance. It was leadership that harnessed the full capabilities of a very diverse population–that included Christianity, Islamic, and Jewish traditions.

This kind of enlightened leadership — leadership that nurtured culture, sustainability, diversity and courage — led to 800 years of invention and prosperity.

In dark and serious times like this, we must affirm our commitment to building societies and institutions that aspire to this kind of greatness. More than ever, we must focus on the importance of leadership– bold acts of leadership and decidedly personal acts of leadership.

Trust Gill sahib to come up with an interesting science topic. In computers there seem to be a number of interesting directions in which basic hardware technology is moving, and quantum computers are certainly one of them. Others include the melding of silicon chips with biological elements like cells. I also read about thoughts being given to parallel computing in mulitivers (based on the string theory). When one considers the unexpected breakthroughs made by initiatives like the internet, it seems likely that the best days for advancements in computing technology lie ahead of us.

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humsab:4
I thank you for a very interesting read. I was aware of this through the writings of Al-Beruni who has acknowledged this. The KNOWLEDGE is a continuum and the Quran simply asserts what is already manifest. It also tells us about earlier civilisations and their contributions. It is the only source which does not belittle or negate the previous religions.

It is us the ``modern`` ones who are the deviants..Just like the kuffars of Mecca who were deviants from the religion of Abraham & earlier prophets. The message of Islam is consistent from Adam till the present. Original pristine Hindu scriptures are part of that only ONE religion because KNOWLEDGE is only One and Truth is only ONE. Anybody who reads the description of the Creator in the Upanishads can easily mistake it for a translation of some ayats from the Qura`an eg. the Ayat-al-Kursi and the Quls.

If Qura`an was human it would have ``new`` knowledge but no KNOWLEDGE is ever new. It is always there and we always think that we affirm it because it is we who are ignorant.

We do nothing but enact a scripted play.

``....................There exists a whole class of awliya who have the capacity to be in more than one place simultanoeusly. ......................``


HA HA HA HA!!!! LOL. LOOOOOOOOOOOOOOL!

That was a great gem!!

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if the article doesn`t put you to sleep.... the interacts will

Echoboom and Naqashbandi

Illusion is a Hindu philosophical concept from ancient times. So, nothing new.


http://www.dreams-genes.info/meaning_of_maya.htm

THE MEANING OF MAYA

Many parallels can be drawn between Hindu Philosophy and the branch of modern Physics known as Quantum Mechanics. To this end a general review of Hindu Philosophy as well as Quantum Mechanics will first be undertaken which will highlight the similarities between the two disciplines. It will be shown that the message of Quantum Mechanics leads into so-called ‘mentalism’ which has been a fundamental premise of Rg Veda and the Upanishads all along. In addition however to simply confirming the underlying soundness of Hindu Philosophy, quantum theory provides detailed insight into the true significance of Maya – the illusion of the manifested world. Taken together, these two disciplines, one ancient and the other recent, provide a comprehensive indication as to the nature of life.

We come across many statements about Maya in the Upanishads although we are not actually told how this illusion of duality is effected, and it precisely this ignorance that has to be overcome in order that we may realize Brahman. ‘Since it is stated (in the Vedas), ‘There is no diversity here’, and ‘the Lord, on account of Maya, (is perceived as manifold)’, ‘(the Self) without being born (appears to be born in various ways)’, it follows that He is born on account of Maya alone.’ (Mandukya Karika III. 24)1 ‘The very word avidya (ignorance) suggests that it is removable by vidya (knowledge) and Maya (cosmic illusion) suggests that it is unreal.’ (Shankaracarya’s Commentary on the Katha Upanishad p. 162)2 It can be demonstrated that a knowledge of Quantum Mechanics does disperse ignorance (avidya), at which point we can gain insight into the unreality of Maya.

From Quantum Mechanics for example we learn that atomic substances are sometimes considered as particles and are sometimes considered as a wave function. The theory states quite simply that a particle materializes upon the collapse of the wave function during observation. Once we stop looking at it, it immediately reverts to being a ‘ghost’ particle. ‘Persist in asking for a physical picture of what is going on, and you find all physical pictures dissolving into a world of ghosts, where particles only seem to be real when we are looking at them.’ (p. 174)3 To the question, ‘Do the electrons really exist in their orbits within the atom?’ Schrödinger answers a decisive NO. (p. 154)4

Again, according to Schrödinger, ‘When you come to the ultimate particles constituting matter, there seems to be no point in thinking of them again as consisting of some material. They are, as it were, pure shape, nothing but shape; what turns up again and again in successive observations is this shape, not an individual speck of material.’ (p. 21)6 This would seem to confirm the many statements in the Upanishads about ‘name and form’. ‘So even now the universe is manifested only as name and form, it gets such and such a name and such and such a form.’ (Brhadaranyaka Upanishad I. 4. 7)5 ‘Further, the forms are objects of the eye; the latter is their foundation, for from the same all forms spring forth; this is their community; for it is common to all forms.’ (Brhadaranyaka Upanishad I. 6. 2)7 Sir Arthur Eddington says that according to quantum theory the ‘hard facts of observation’ are probability waves that are ‘observationally produced’. (p. 93)13 So the above message from Brhadaranyaka Upanishad is not just stating the obvious when it says all forms spring forth from the eye.

Sir James Jeans tells us that the object is of the nature of an idea; existence consists in being perceived by a mind. (p. 196)9 Schrödinger, after talking about an unavoidable and uncontrollable impression from the side of the subject onto the object, goes on to say, ‘What remains doubtful to me is only this: whether it is adequate to term one of the two physically interacting systems the ‘subject’. For the observing mind is not a physical system, it cannot interact with any physical system. And it might be better to reserve the term ‘subject’ for the observing mind.’ (p. 54)6 It is apropos therefore that the Brhadaranyaka Upanishad asks, ‘Who is seen by whom?’ (IV. 5. 15)8 For the object owes its existence to the perceiving mind, and the subject is the perceiving mind. Or, as the Chandogya Upanishad puts it, ‘The mind is His divine eye.’ (VIII. 12. 5)8 ‘There is no other seer than He.’ (Brhadaranyaka Upanishad 3. 7. 23)5 ‘The Witness of Vision…’ (Brhadaranyaka Upanishad p. 64)2

‘All this that there is – together with all that moves or does not move – is perceived by the mind (and therefore all this is but the mind); for when the mind ceases to be the mind, duality is no longer perceived.’ (Mandukya Karika III. 31)1 ‘Duality’ of course here means the perception of subject and object as two distinct entities. We are being told what Schrödinger has also ascertained through wave mechanics, namely ‘that mysterious boundary between the subject and the object has broken down.’ (p. 50)6 In other words that ‘duality’ is an illusion. ‘This is to be attained through the mind. There is no diversity whatsoever.’ (Katha Upanishad II. i)2 Sir James Jeans explaining the findings of Dirac tells us that so far as the inanimate world is concerned, we may picture a substratum below space and time in which the springs of events are already concealed, and it may be that the future already lies hidden, but uniquely and inevitably determined, in this substratum. Such a hypothesis at least fits all the known facts of physics. But as we pass from the phenomenal world of space and time to this substratum, we seem, in some way we do not understand, to be passing from materialism to mentalism, and so possibly also from matter to mind.’ (p. 215)9 This substratum of reality is in some way richer and more varied than the world of phenomena.’ (p. 172)9 Dirac’s theory ‘requires the idea of an external chooser’, according to Bohr. (p. 19)14 In Rg Veda we find, ‘you tell people about eternal cause and the perishable world (which is its effect)’ (5. 62. 8)10 ‘…the transcendent Brahman, the underlying support.’ (Brahmopanishad p. 48)12 ‘who upholds all His subjects well according to the law of cause and effect.’ (I. LXVII. 5)11

The energy of a light ‘particle’ is measured in terms of its frequency, or wavelength. But the mathematics showed that they couldn’t be real waves in space, like ripples on a pond, but represented a complex form of vibrations in an imaginary mathematical space called phase space. (p. 116)3 The Brhadaranyaka Upanishad is in agreement with quantum theory that light does not constitute real waves in space, but instead the source of light is within the brain. ‘This (infinite) entity which is reflected in the intellect, which is amid the organs, and which is the self-effulgent light within the intellect. Stimulating the intellect, it roams between this and the next life; it thinks as it were, and quivers, as it were…’ (4. 3. 7)5 By ‘quivers’ is meant the firing of nerve cells, synapses, which take on electrical properties and create brain waves (stimulating the intellect). Compare then a free quotation from Jeans made by Schrödinger, ‘Light waves do not really exist, they are only waves of knowledge.’ (p. 42)6

Explaining these vibrations that cause waves of knowledge in the form of light, Schrödinger says the emission frequencies appear as deep ‘difference tones’ of the proper vibrations themselves. It is quite conceivable that on the transition of energy from one to another of the normal vibrations, something – I mean the light wave – with a frequency allied to each frequency difference, should make its appearance. (p. 10)15 The Upanishads of course completely identify with vibrations in quantum theory. ‘…it is the vibration of Consciousness that appears to be the knower and the known.’ (Mandukya Karika IV. 47)1 ‘…in the waking state the mind vibrates as though with two facets.’ (Mandukya Karika III. 29)1 The two facets spoken of in the Sanskrit text, as well as the knower and the known, are referring to the illusory subject and object (duality), the illusion being effected by the vibrations within the mind. Specific vibrations incorporating the mathematics of this imaginary phase space will create light (colours) in the eye in the form of subject and object i.e. the manifested world. ‘He that is here in the human person, and he that is there in the sun, are one.’ (Taittiriya Upanishad II. viii. 5)2

‘The electric power moves the tip of our tongue and activates many forms…’ (Rg Veda 3. 39. 3)16 ‘…electricity from the firmament which is like the forehead of the whole world…’ (Rg Veda 6. 16. 13)10 Once we understand that it is electricity generated by synapses within the mind that creates the light that manifests name and form the following quotation form Jeans will not seem surprising: ‘…electric and magnetic forces are not real at all; they are mere mental constructs of our own, resulting from our rather misguided efforts to understand the motions of particles. It is the same with the Newtonian force of gravitation, and with energy, momentum and other concepts which were introduced to help us understand the activities of the world – all prove to be mere mental constructs, and do not even pass the test of objectivity – the fact that so much of what used to be thought to possess an objective physical existence now proves to consist only of subjective mental constructs must surely be counted a pronounced step in the direction of mentalism.’ (p. 200)9

Schrödinger speculates on the existence of a sub-brain. As a result of experiments with a flickering light – if it flashed say 60 times per second in both eyes it appeared continuous, but if 30 flashes per second registered in the left eye and the alternate 30 in the right there remained the flickering sensation (this should not be so if it was simply a case of physical light outside the brain registering at the one place within the brain) – he concluded ‘it is as if each eye had a separate sensorium of considerable dignity proper to itself, in which mental processes based on that eye were developed up to even full perceptual levels. Such would be two such sub-brains, one for the right eye and one for the left.’(p. 60)17 Admittedly the Maitri Upanishad does not talk about two sub-brains but it does infer that one sub-brain services both eyes. ‘There is a channel extending from the heart up to the eye and fairly fixed there. That is the channel that serves both of them, by being divided into two though but one.’ (VII. II)18

There are many, many references in Rg Veda and the Upanishad to this ‘sub-brain’ (heart) and with a basic knowledge of neurophysiology it is not difficult to locate. ‘Within that (heart) in which are fixed the nerves like the spokes on the hub of a chariot wheel moves the aforesaid Self by becoming multiformed.’ (Mundaka Upanishad II. ii. 6)1 The nerve channels of the brain are fixed into the embryo brain region like the spokes in the hub of a chariot wheel, which is as one would expect for the embryo brain controls the growth and development of the whole brain. These nerve channels emanate from there to the higher regions. Also, within five weeks of conception, the embryo cranium is bulging with midbrain that is firing spontaneously – synapses.19 The source of electricity that Rg Veda speaks of. ‘The vibrating mass of electricity…’ that Schrödinger speaks of. (p. 91)15 ‘It thinks as it were, and quivers, as it were.’ From electroencephalography we learn that the desynchronized brain wave patterns observed during waking hours emanate from this region.19
‘In quantum physics a wave denotes no more than the probability that a certain state exists.’ (Planck p. 62)20 These probability waves, as we have already learnt, are not real in the sense of existing in space and time. It would seem therefore that the wave mechanics of Schrödinger are referring to none other than the precise vibrations and frequencies of the brain waves that emanate from the midbrain. When these waves reach the cortex they ‘collapse’, using the parlance of wave mechanics, and subject and object (duality) is created. In other words the probability that was the brain wave becomes the reality that we experience, through all the senses.

In conjunction with the brain waves there is the visual pathway which appears to be specifically responsible for causing the ‘particle’ to materialize when the wave function magically collapses. Discreet chunks of electricity (quanta) are emitted by synapses in the midbrain which are conveyed to the eyes via the visual pathway. The electrical impulses are converted into light (colour images) by the colour cones in the retinae of the eyes. These colour images are then relayed back to the visual cortex at the back of the retina so if light really consisted of physical particles that came from an external world they would have to pass through the vascular system, a mesh of nerve fibres and three layers of cell bodies in order to get to them.21 Also the colour cones operate on the principle of mixing red, green and blue primaries to create all the colours of the spectrum analogous to the way colour television transmission is effected.21 ‘Those which are true are the three colours alone.’ (Chandogya Upanishad VI. 4. 1)8

An analogy must also be drawn to motion pictures, because quantum theory tells us that the universe is in some way discontinuous. This discontinuity was discovered by Max Planck who postulated a Quantum of Action, which caused him great concern because it negated the possibility of a physical universe existing in space and time. ‘…the postulate of continuity of description. It is this postulate of continuity that appears to be unfulfillable! There are as it were gaps in our picture.’ (Schrödinger p. 26)6 Light and therefore colour images are composed of unbreakable units (quanta) that are propagated with such rapidity as to give the impression of continuity. In the same vein motion pictures are possible because we perceive continuous movement in response to a rapid succession of static views. The phenomenon is often called ‘apparent movement’.21

Once it is realized that the Self in the heart (midbrain) manifests all forms by emitting electrical impulses that are converted into light (colours) by the eye it is possible to appreciate what Sir Arthur Eddington means when he talks of a ‘revolving brain’ being necessary to postulate an external universe. He says that the nearest we can get to a non-subjective, but nevertheless observational view is to have before us the reports of all possible dummy observers, and pass in our minds so rapidly from one to another that we identify ourselves, as it were, with all the dummy observers at once. To achieve this we seem to need a revolving brain.(p. 86)14 The Self in the embryo brain region of each being must be seen as a microcosm within a macrocosmic intelligence link-up (Brahman). The same form can appear in two or more individual consciousnesses by virtue of the midbrain emitting similar electrical impulses to the eyes of those individual beings that are then converted into a colour image manifested on their visual cortex. These synonymous colour images will of course have slight variations having regard to the subjects’ supposed points of view and apparent motion (according to relativity theory). ‘O Arjuna, the Lord, dwells in the heart of all beings, whirling by maya all beings, (as if) on machines mounted’. (Gita Bhashya XVIII. 61)22

‘Jeans view that mathematical conceptions appear in physics because it deals with a universe created by a Pure Mathematician’. (Eddington p. 137)13 The fact that the manifested universe originates in electrical impulses from the embryo brain region of individuals synchronized in such a way as to give the ‘illusion’ of diversity means that the cause is in the substratum, embryo brain region, and the effect is on the visual cortex. The equations of wave mechanics ‘invented’ by Schrödinger must therefore be seen as the mathematics the Self adopts to manifest the universe. The electrical impulses (quanta) are emitted with mathematical precision so as to create forms on the visual cortex that appear to be real and existing in space and time. This mathematical scheme has been revealed to us through the medium of various geniuses such as Schrödinger and Dirac, but it was the ‘Pure Mathematician’, Brahman, located in the substratum that formulated the mathematical scheme in the first place. ‘They should preach the Glory of the Great Brahman who is the knower of all sciences.’ (Rg Veda 2. 2. 13)23 ‘…expert in the science of physics…’ (Rg Veda 5. 31. 12)16

Schrödinger devised a hypothetical experiment where a cat was placed in a box along with an explosive device to be detonated by indeterminate radioactive decay. The question was whether it could be ascertained whether the cat was alive or dead other than by opening the box and looking. Einstein in a letter to Schrödinger says, ‘At a fixed time parts of the (wave) function correspond to the cat being alive and other parts to the cat being pulverized. If one attempts to interpret the (wave) function as a completed description of a state, independent of whether or not it is observed, then this means that at the time in question the cat is neither alive nor pulverized. But one or the other situation would be realized by making an observation’. (p. 35)24 This state of affairs was very disturbing to Einstein. He asks, ‘Is the state of the cat to be created only when a physicist investigates the situation some definite time? Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation. But then the description by means of the (wave) function is certainly incomplete, and there must be a more complete description’. (p. 39)24

However, that the cat is neither alive nor pulverized prior to making the observation is perfectly understandable when one realizes that the cat is not, and never was, real. It was merely electrical impulses from the midbrain which registered on the visual cortex of an observer in the form of a cat. If it is not being observed it quite simply does not exist. ‘It is a well known fact in the world that a thing exists so long as it is within the range on an instrument of cognition, and the contrary one is non-existent’. (Shankaracarya’s Commentary on the Katha Upanishad p. 210)2 ‘The creatures… that the experiencer of the waking state sees forever as existing… are but objects of perception to the consciousness of the man in the waking state, and they do not exist separately from that consciousness’. (Mandukya Karika IV. 65)1 The cat in the box has reverted to the probabilities of wave mechanics in the substratum and its fate can only be revealed by a wave function collapsing during observation.

Schrödinger explains that in quantum theory there is the liberty of choice between the traditional sacrosanct geometry of Euclid, according to which three-dimensional space is analogous to an infinitely extended plane in two dimensions, or one of the newly invented geometries presenting a definite positively or negatively curved space. The boldness of this idea will strike you, he says, when you remember that with positive curvature the three-dimensional space would find its two-dimensional analogue in the surface of a huge ball and, like the ball’s surface, would be finite, though unbounded’. (p. 114)4 Eddington flatly admits that ‘when we introduce spherical space in physics we refer to something – we know not what – which has this structure’. (p. 146)13 It is but a short step to conclude that curved space is a theoretical space adopted by Brahman within the substratum, coupled with wave mechanics governing the electrical impulses emitted (quanta), to give the illusion of a manifested world on the rounded cortex of the brain. It is the brain itself that is ‘finite, though unbounded’ in the sense that within it is manifested the whole universe. ‘The space that is outside the individual… is the same as the space within the individual… (and that again) is the same as the space within the lotus of the heart’. (Chandogya Upanishad III. xii. 7-9)2

Quite simply the mathematics are worked out beforehand in this imaginary space. Compare the statement in the Chandogya Upanishad, ‘That which is indeed called Space, is the manifester of name and form. That in which they are contained is Brahman’. (VIII. 14. 1)8 to Heisenberg’s statement that, ‘the tensors of quantum theory are in a space of indefinitely many dimensions, and that this space is not real but imaginary’. (p. 55)25 This space of indefinitely many dimensions is in the substratum (Brahman) which brings about the manifestation of name and form. We then begin to understand such abstruse assertions in the Upanishads as for example, ‘By this immutable (Brahman), O Gargi, is the (Unmanifested) space (akasha i.e. maya) pervaded’. (Brhadaranyaka Upanishad III. viii. 11)2

We also gain some insight into the nature of ‘time’, once we realize that light is generated from within the brain, and not from without. ‘…you should know that twelve spoked wheel of time (kala as it is called) revolves around the sun’. (Rg Veda I. 164. 11)23 ‘There are, verily, two forms of Brahman, time and the timeless, without parts. But which is prior to the sun is the timeless, without parts. But that which begins with (has a beginning from) the Sun is time, which has parts. Verily, the form of that which has parts is the year’. (Maitri Upanishad VI. 15)18 Time must be looked upon as an optical illusion. Every time we see a bright light in our consciousness which we call the sun, we count ‘one’. When we have seen the bright light 365 times we say that a year has passed. But the point is that that bright light has its source in electrical impulses that emanate from the midbrain (substratum). So, in agreement with Einstein, we can say that there is no such thing as a universal time in the Newtonian sense, but only a perceptual time (related to individual consciousness) that is an illusory concept introduced from the substratum.

The Maitri Upanishad says that ‘Time is formed and formless too’. (VI. 14)18 Quantum theory has a much more complex way of explaining this simple statement. It has to do with the Feynman diagram which shows the track of a photon (light quantum) with no arrow on it because, firstly, the photon is its own antiparticle, and secondly because motion through time has no meaning for the photon – and that is why it is its own antiparticle. (p. 190)3 One imagines that a photon that is its own antiparticle truly is ‘formed and formless too’. And it is not hard to see that ‘this mechanism is as yet innocent of any notion of past and future’. (p. 85)17 to quote Schrödinger because the photon does not travel through external (absolute) space. It simply comes from the substratum (midbrain) in the form of a wave function that collapses on the cortex of the brain in the form of an illusory light ‘particle’. A negligible, and therefore a timeless journey. Once the wave function collapses, the march of time begins for forms (colour images) on the cortex of the brain.

‘As if’ is a famous concept in philosophical parlance, a concept that is fundamental to Hindu Philosophy in particular. ‘For when there is duality, as it were, then one sees another… one knows another’. (4. 5. 15)5 Brahman has created a world ‘as if’ it were real, and peopled it with beings ‘as if’ physical. Maya, the illusion of duality. ‘He (the Self) wished, “Let me be many, let me be born”. He undertook the deliberation. Having deliberated, He created all this that exists. That (Brahman) having created (that), entered into that very thing. And having entered there, It became the formed and the formless, the defined and the undefined, the sustaining and the non-sustaining, the sentient and the insentient, the true and the untrue’. (Taittiriya Upanishad II. vi. 1)2 And now, with the aid of quantum theory, we also know that Brahman became ‘the photon and the antiphoton’, which is how Maya is effected.

Gill:
It is nice to see you writing on science.

A site which would interest hardcore scientists as well as laymen. Your worldview will never be the same again. Entire books at your beck and call. Wonderful! The most important philosopher of the day. Making waves in the scientific community, being taught at the highest level. Truly an original!

Enjoy!


Matter: another name for Illusion

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